Articulation disorders focus on errors (e.g., distortions and substitutions) in production of individual speech sounds. For example, a child may have a disordered /s/ sound.

Phonological disorders focus on predictable, rule-based errors (e.g., fronting, stopping, and final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound. For example, producing all /r/ as /w/.

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g. abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). CAS may or may not co-occur with another condition.

Pediatric Dysarthria often occurs with the following disorders: cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, Chiari malformation, congenital suprabulbar palsy, syringomyelia, syringobulbia traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, neck trauma, neurosurgical/postoperative trauma, skull fracture, stroke (hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic), moyamoya disease, anoxic or hypoxic encephalopathy, arteriovenous malformations.